The transport sector in Brazil is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, significantly impacting climate change. In this context, biomethane emerges as a promising alternative for the decarbonization of road transport, offering a sustainable and efficient solution to reduce emissions and promote a cleaner energy matrix.
The Potential of Biomethane in Brazil
Biomethane is a biofuel obtained from the purification of biogas, which is produced through the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, such as agricultural waste, animal manure, and urban solid waste. In Brazil, the theoretical potential for biogas production is estimated at 84.6 billion cubic meters per year, which would be sufficient to meet about 70% of the national diesel demand.
Despite this potential, the current biogas production in the country is underutilized. In 2021, approximately 2.34 billion cubic meters of biogas were produced, representing only 2.8% of the estimated potential. Of this production, around 22% was converted into biomethane, totaling 359.8 million cubic meters per year—enough volume to travel 900 million kilometers with heavy vehicles.
Expansion of Biomethane Production
In recent years, Brazil has recorded significant growth in biomethane production. Between 2020 and 2023, daily production doubled from 99,000 cubic meters to 202,000 cubic meters. Currently, six plants are authorized by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP) for biomethane production, with a total capacity of 417,000 cubic meters per day. Additionally, another 25 plants are in the authorization process, which will add a capacity of 1.145 million cubic meters daily once operational.
The projection is that by 2029, biomethane production in Brazil will reach 7 million cubic meters per day, driven by sector investments and the growing demand for clean fuels. This increase in production will not only contribute to reducing GHG emissions but will also strengthen the country’s energy security, diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Environmental and Economic Benefits
The use of biomethane as a vehicle fuel presents significant environmental advantages. Studies indicate that using biomethane can reduce carbon emissions in road transport by up to 96%. Moreover, biomethane can be used in vehicles equipped with Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) kits, providing up to a 90% reduction in pollutant emissions compared to gasoline, in addition to being more economical, with efficiency up to 30% higher than ethanol.
From an economic perspective, the development of the biogas and biomethane market has the potential to generate around 800,000 jobs and attract investments of approximately R$ 120 million. Additionally, a reduction of 640 million tons of carbon is estimated, significantly contributing to the country’s decarbonization goals.
Challenges and Perspectives
Despite advancements, the sector still faces challenges for the full implementation of biomethane as a transport fuel. The natural gas distribution infrastructure in Brazil is limited and concentrated in specific regions, making it difficult to expand biomethane to more remote areas. Additionally, regulatory improvements and tax incentives are needed to encourage investments in new production plants and the adaptation of vehicles for biomethane use.
The integration of biomethane into Brazil’s energy matrix also requires greater awareness among consumers and transport companies about the environmental and economic benefits of this fuel. Incentive programs and public policies focused on sustainability can accelerate the adoption of biomethane, promoting a faster transition to low-carbon transport.
Biomethane represents a unique opportunity for Brazil to advance in the decarbonization of the transport sector, aligning with global emission reduction goals and promoting sustainable development. With vast production potential and clear environmental and economic benefits, investing in the expansion and use of biomethane is a strategic step toward building a cleaner and more resilient future for the country.
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